Will Frankenfood[转基因] Feed the World?

转基因食品能养活世界吗？

Genetically modified food has met fierce[猛烈的，激烈的极度的] opposition[n.反对党、对立、对抗、反对] among well-fed[营养充足的，吃得好的] Europeans,but it's the poor and the hungry who need it most.

By Bill Gates  June 19, 2001

If you want to spark[n.火花、火星、微量、一点点；v.冒火花、点燃、触发] a heated[adj.激烈的、激动的、有暖气的] debate[争论、辩论、考虑] at a dinner party, bring up[提出、养育、端上来] the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept[n. 概念, 观念, 设想, 观点] of genetically altered, high-tech crop[庄稼、作物] production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly[adv.特别，尤其] in countries with long agrarian[adj.农业的，土地的，耕地的] traditions-and vocal[adj. 嗓音的; 发声的; 大声表达的, 口述的; ] green lobbies[n. 门厅; 休息室, 接待室; 游说团体; 游说v. 游说(从政者或政府)]-the idea seems against nature.

【参考译文】如果你想在某次宴会上挑起一场激烈的讨论，那就把话题放在转基因食品上吧，对许多人来说，关于高科技转基因作物的生产的概念就会在环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面引起各种各种的问题，特别是在有着悠久的农业传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，他们认为转基因作物这种想法有悖自然。

In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the U.S. last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the U.S. this year. The genetic genie is out of the bottle.

Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from-and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations, the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks?

The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the U.N. estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has declined steadily since 1960 and will decrease by half over the next 50 years, according to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA).

The U.N. estimates that nearly 800 million people around the world are undernourished. The effects are devastating. About 400 million women of childbearing age are iron deficient, which means their babies are exposed to various birth defects. As many as 100 million children suffer from vitamin A deficiency, a leading cause of blindness. Tens of millions of people suffer from other major ailments and nutritional deficiencies caused by lack of food.

How can biotech help? Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is fortified with beta-carotene-which the body converts into vitamin A-and additional iron, and they are working on other kinds of nutritionally improved crops. Biotech can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attributable to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi.

Damage caused by pests is incredible. The European corn borer, for example, destroys 40 million tons of the world's corn crop annually, about 7% of the total. Incorporating pest-resistant genes into seeds can help restore the balance. In trials of pest-resistant cotton in Africa, yields have increased significantly. So far, fears that genetically modified, pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear unfounded.

Viruses often cause massive failure in staple crops in developing countries. Two years ago, Africa lost more than half its cassava crop-a key source of calories-to the mosaic virus. Genetically modified, virus-resistant crops can reduce that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortages limit the amount of land under cultivation. Biotech can also help solve the problem of soil that contains excess aluminum, which can damage roots and cause many staple-crop failures. A gene that helps neutralize aluminum toxicity in rice has been identified.

Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries as much as 25% and help prevent the loss of those crops after they are harvested.

Yet for all that promise, biotech is far from being the whole answer. In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger. Poverty plays the largest role. Today more than 1 billion people around the globe live on less than $1 a day. Making genetically modified crops available will not reduce hunger if farmers cannot afford to grow them or if the local population cannot afford to buy the food those farmers produce.

Nor can biotech overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries. Taken as a whole, the world produces enough food to feed everyone-but much of it is simply in the wrong place. Especially in countries with undeveloped transport infrastructures, geography restricts food availability as dramatically as genetics promises to improve it.

Biotech has its own "distribution" problems. Private-sector biotech companies in the rich countries carry out much of the leading-edge research on genetically modified crops. Their products are often too costly for poor farmers in the developing world, and many of those products won't even reach the regions where they are most needed. Biotech firms have a strong financial incentive to target rich markets first in order to help them rapidly recoup the high costs of product development. But some of these companies are responding to the needs of poor countries. A London-based company, for example, has announced that it will share with developing countries technology needed to produce vitamin-enriched "golden rice."

More and more biotech research is being carried out in developing countries. But to increase the impact of genetic research on the food production of those countries, there is a need for better collaboration between government agencies-both local and in developed countries-and private biotech firms. The ISAAA, for example, is successfully partnering with the U.S. Agency for International Development, local researchers and private biotech companies to find and deliver biotech solutions for farmers in developing countries.

Will "Frankenfoods[n. 转基因食品]" feed the world? Biotech[n. 生物科技（=biological technology)] is not a panacea[n. 万灵药, 万能之计], but it does promise[承诺，保证；有希望，有可能] to transform[v. 转换，变形；改善，使改头换面] agriculture[n. 农业] in many developing countries. If that promise is not fulfilled[adj. 感到满足的；觉得满意的], the real losers will be their people, who could suffer for[为…受苦] years to come.

【段落翻译】转基因食品能养活世界吗？生物科技虽然并不是什么万能之计，但是它的确是有希望改善很多发展中国家的农业状况。如果这种潜力不能实现，那么真正的受害者将是这些国家的人民，他们可能在今后的岁月中遭受苦难。

参考翻译：

1、中文完整版参考翻译

2、https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1716955116779297806&wfr=spider&for=pc