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2019硕士研究生英语二Text3

豆豆   2021-07-25 13:57:35   294人已围观

American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years.The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm works.

美国农场主抱怨劳动力短缺已经好几年了。这种抱怨不太可能停止,除非有一个面向农场工作的移民政策彻底的改革。

overhaul:v. 彻底检修, 赶上 n. 检修, 大修, 改造
immigration:n. 移居, 外来移民, 移民总称

Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry.If this doesn’t change.American businesses.communities, and consumers will be the losers.

国会已经阻止了对农业工人发放更加简单的签证,这种签证可以让工人在美国停留更长时间并且可以在行业内换工作。如果这种情况不改变,那么美国的商业社会和消费者将成为最终的输家。

Congress:n. 国会, 代表大会, 议会, (用于某些国家的政党名称)国民大会 v. 开会
obstructed:v. 阻碍, 阻塞, 阻挡, 遮断
straightforward:adj. 简单的, 易懂的; 坦诚的, 率直的; 径直的
visa:n. (护照的)签证
agricultural:adj. 农学(上)的
communities:n. (同住一地的人所构成的)社区;(由有着相同兴趣、宗教信仰等的人构成的)群体,团体; 社会;公众; 
             社区(团体)归属感;(动植物的)群落
losers:n. 败者, 屡屡失败的人(尤指评价较低者)

Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single, They're also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it's been all along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.

也许半数美国农场劳工没有正式的移民文件,少数这类工人进入了乡下,农业工人的特征正在改变。今天的农场的劳工,虽然主要出生在墨西哥,他们更可能稳定而不是到处迁移,他们更可能结婚而不是单身。他们同样正在变老。在这个世纪初期,大约1\3的农作物工人的年龄超过35岁。现在是超过一半。采摘农作物对于老人而言是很困难的。一个经常争论的关于这个劳动力短缺的解决方案仍旧不合理。就像一直以来,美国本地工人将不会返回农场。

undocumented:adj. 没有正式文件的
characteristics:n. 特性, 特征, 特点, 特色 adj. 特有的, 独特的; 典型的; 表示特性的
workforce:n. 劳动大军, 全体员工
predominantly:adv. 主要地, 占主导地位地, 压倒性地
settled:adj. 不大可能变动的, 稳定的, 舒适自在的 v. “settle”的过去式和过去分词
migrating:v. 移动,迁移;(鸟类、动物等)随季节而迁徙
aging:n. 陈酿, 熟化 v. “age”的现在分词
crop:n. 庄稼, 作物, 产量, 一批人 v. 剪短, 裁切(照片或图画), 啃吃(青草或其他植物上面的部分), 有收成
oft-debated:经常争论的 oft-pf. 时常
cure:v. 治疗,治愈 n. 治疗,治愈;疗法;解决方法
implausible:adj. 似乎不合情理的, 不像真实的
as it's been all along:就像一直以来一样

Mechanization is not the answer either—not yet, at least. Production of corn,cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms,where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they ' re automated.

机械化也不是这个问题的答案,最起码现在不是。玉米,棉花,大米,小麦都已经大面积实现了机械化。但是许多高价值,劳动力密集的农作物,例如:草莓还需要劳工。甚至是奶牛农场,这样已经用机器人做了一小部分挤奶工作,实现自动化之前还有很长的路要走。

Mechanization:n. 机械化;机动化
soybeans:n. 大豆, 黄豆
strawberries:n. 草莓(复数)
dairy:adj. 牛奶的, 奶制的, 乳品的, 乳品业的 n. 乳制品, 乳品店, 乳品场, 乳品公司
do a small share of:做了一小部分,share of:表示部份,份

As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.

因此,农场越来越依赖那些持有H-2A签证的临时外籍工人来填补劳动力缺口。大约2012年开始,需要这类签证的需求急剧上升。从2011至2016这个签证颁发的数量超过了2倍。

As a result:因此
be reliant on 信赖,依靠
temporaryadj. 临时的;暂时的;短暂的n. 临时工
gap:n. 差距,隔阂;缺口,豁口,裂口
issued:n. 重要议题, 问题; (书刊等)期, 号; 发行物; 颁布; 分配, 分发v. 发表; 颁布, 发出; 发给, 分发; 正式发行

The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need.The process is cumbersome,expensive,and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.

H-2A签证没有数量限制,不像H-2B签证对于非农业工作限制只能是66000一年。即使是这样,雇主还是抱怨他们没有获得他们需要的工人。这个程序很复杂,昂贵并且还不可靠。一个调查发现官僚主义的延误导致H-2A的工人来到工作岗位平均要迟22天。这个短缺是由联邦政府移民突击检查导致的,他导致一些工人离开,一些工人成了地下黑工。

numerical:adj. 数字的;用数字表示的
cap:n. (尤指男用有帽舌的)便帽, 软帽, (大学师生在特别场合戴的)方帽v. 用…覆盖顶部(或端部), 限额收取(或支出), 胜过, 超过 
abbr. (=Common Agricultural Policy)(欧洲经济共同体)共同农业政策
nonagricultural:adj. 非农业的
process:n. 进程, 流程, 工序, 工艺流程 v. 处理, 加工, 审核, 数据处理adj. 经过特殊加工的, (用化学方法等)处理过的, 照相制版的, 三色版的
cumbersome:adj. 大而笨重的, 难以携带的, 缓慢复杂的, 冗长的
unreliable:adj. 不可靠的, 不能信赖的
bureaucratic:adj. 官僚的, 官僚主义的
compounded:adj. 由…合成的;由…组成的
aids:abbr. (亦作Aids)艾滋病,获得性免疫缺陷综合征(=Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)n. (名词aid的复数)辅助物, 辅助手段
raids:n. 抢劫, 突然袭击, 突击检查, 突然搜查v. 突袭, 偷袭, 突击搜捕, 突然搜查
underground:adj. 地下的, 隐蔽的, 先锋派的, 地下组织的adv. 在地下, 不公开地n. 地下, 地铁, 地下组织, 先锋运动

In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.

在2012年的一项调查中显示:71%的果树种植这和接近80%的葡萄干和草莓种植者都说自己劳动力短缺。一些西部的种植者已经将生产经营转移到了墨西哥。从1998-2000年,美国消费的水果的14.5%都是进口的。十几年后,进口水果的份额已经增长到了25.8%。

tree-fruit growers:果树种植者
raisin:n. 【食】葡萄干, 深蓝紫色 
berry growers:n. 浆果, 莓 v. 结出浆果, 采集浆果,浆果种植者

In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.

实际上,美国可以进口水果或者引进采摘工人。


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编辑发布时间:2021-07-25 13:57:35